Fiber products having temperature control additives

ABSTRACT

A fiber product is described which includes fibers, a binder and a temperature control additive. The fiber product has properties that make it useful for a variety of applications. The fibers may be glass fibers and the product may be a fiberglass insulation product for use in buildings, vehicles, or other structures for acoustic and/or thermal insulation. The fibers may be cellulosic fibers and the product may be a wood board product. The temperature control additive is incorporated into the uncured fiber product to prevent deleterious self-heating during or after binder curing. The temperature control additive undergoes an endothermic process that consumes at least a portion of the energy generated during the exothermic curing reaction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application 61/352,070, filed 7 Jun. 2010, which is incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to a fiber product comprising fibers and a binder and materials made therewith. In particular, a product that includes loosely assembled fibers, a binder, and a temperature control additive is described.

BACKGROUND

Fiber products may include fibers and a binder material. Binders are useful in fabricating fiber products because they are capable of consolidating non- or loosely-assembled matter. For example, binders enable two or more surfaces to become united. For example, thermosetting binders may be used to produce fiber products. Thermosetting binders may be characterized by being transformed into insoluble and infusible materials by means of either heat or catalytic action. Examples of a thermosetting binder include a variety of phenol-aldehyde, urea-aldehyde, melamine-aldehyde, and other condensation-polymerization materials like polyfurane and polyurethane resins. Binder compositions containing phenol-aldehyde, resorcinol-aldehyde, phenol/aldehyde/urea, phenol/melamine/aldehyde, and the like are used for the bonding of fibers, textiles, plastics, rubbers, and many other materials.

The mineral wool (e.g. fiberglass) and fiber board industries have historically used a phenol formaldehyde binder to bind fibers. Phenol formaldehyde type binders provide suitable properties to the final products; however, environmental considerations have motivated the development of alternative binders. One such alternative binder is a carbohydrate based binder derived from reacting a carbohydrate and a multiprotic acid, for example, U.S. Published Application No. 2007/0027283 and Published PCT Application WO2009/019235. Another alternative binder is the esterification products of reacting a polycarboxylic acid and a polyol, for example, U.S. Published Application No. 2005/0202224. Because these binders do not utilize formaldehyde as a reagent, they have been collectively referred to as formaldehyde-free binders.

One manner in which the alternative binder formulations differ from the traditionally used phenol formaldehyde type binders is that the curing reaction conditions vary across the range of binder compositions. It has been observed that some alternative binder formulations require higher temperatures to elicit curing. Still other formulations release more heat during curing (i.e. the curing reaction is more exothermic). A remaining challenge is the absence of a single binder composition which can be used across the entire range of products in the building and automotive sector (e.g. fiberglass insulation, particle boards, office panels, and acoustical sound insulation).

SUMMARY

According to the present disclosure, a fiber product is described which includes fibers and a binder. The fiber product has properties that make it useful for a variety of applications. The fibers may be glass fibers and the product may be a fiberglass insulation product for use in buildings, vehicles, or other structures for acoustic and/or thermal insulation. The fibers may be cellulosic fibers and the product may be a wood board product.

In illustrative embodiments, a fiber product comprises a binder, a collection of fibers, and a particulate additive, wherein the binder is disposed upon the collection of fibers and the particulate additive is distributed within the fiber product. In further illustrative embodiments, a mineral fiber insulation product comprises a binder, a collection of mineral fibers, and a particulate selected from the group consisting of magnesia, alumina, silica, and calcined gypsum. In one embodiment, the fiber product is a mineral fiber product and the particulate is in contact with the mineral fiber product.

In illustrative embodiments, an uncured fiber product comprises an uncured binder, a collection of fibers, and a temperature control additive. In one embodiment, the uncured binder is disposed upon the collection of fibers and the temperature control additive is a particulate and is in contact with the fiber product. In another embodiment, the temperature control additive is selected from a group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, silicate hydrates, and calcium sulfate dihydrate.

In illustrative embodiments, a method of curing a binder having a temperature control additive comprises heating an uncured binder to a temperature within a predetermined temperature range, the temperature range being high enough to cure the binder but low enough so as to not burn the binder. The uncured binder is maintained at the temperature within the predetermined temperature range for a time sufficient to substantially cure the binder. At a time when the binder is at an elevated temperature, the temperature control additive undergoes an endothermic process so that the binder maintains a safe temperature throughout the curing process. In one embodiment, the predetermined temperature range is from about 100° C. to about 350° C. In another embodiment, the predetermined temperature range is from about 170° C. to about 300° C. In yet another embodiment, the predetermined temperature range has as its lower boundary a temperature sufficient to initiate a curing reaction. In another embodiment, the predetermined temperature range has as its upper boundary a temperature at which the binder undergoes combustion. In one embodiment, the temperature control additive undergoes an endothermic process comprising decomposition, dehydration, or a phase transition. In another embodiment, the temperature control additive undergoes an endothermic process consuming about 200 calories per gram of the particulate temperature control additive.

In illustrative embodiments, a method of manufacturing an insulation product comprises contacting a collection of fibers with a binder to form an uncured insulation product, contacting the collection of fibers with a temperature control additive, shaping the uncured insulation product into a configuration adapted for an insulating purpose, and applying an amount of energy to the uncured insulation product, the amount of energy sufficient to initiate an exothermic process. In one embodiment, the exothermic process is the chemical reaction that transitions the binder from an uncured state to a cured state. The product is maintained at an elevated temperature for a time sufficient to cure the binder. In one embodiment, the method further includes forming a dispersion comprising the binder and the temperature control additive, wherein contacting the collection of fibers with the binder and contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive occur concurrently through contacting the collection of fibers with the dispersion including the binder and the temperature control additive. In one embodiment, forming the dispersion includes adding a surfactant. In another embodiment, the method further comprises forming an aqueous dispersion of the temperature control additive and a surfactant, wherein contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive occurs subsequently to contacting the collection of fibers with the binder. In yet another embodiment, contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive includes sprinkling the temperature control additive onto the uncured insulation product, the temperature control additive being in the form of a dry powder or concentrated slurry.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the temperature profiles inside a curing fibrous product as a function of time for an illustrative carbohydrate-based binder product (+, Binder 1) and a comparable phenol formaldehyde based binder product (◯, PF) with a constant oven temperature (solid line).

FIG. 2 shows the temperature profile inside a curing fibrous product as a function of time for an illustrative carbohydrate-based binder product (+, Binder 1) in which the fibrous product was removed from the curing oven when the product reached 220° C.

FIG. 3 shows the temperature profile inside a curing fibrous product as a function of time for an illustrative carbohydrate-based binder product (+, Binder 1) in which the fibrous product was removed from the curing oven when the product reached 260° C.

FIG. 4 shows the temperature profiles inside a curing fibrous product as a function of time for an illustrative carbohydrate-based binder product (+, Binder 1) in which the fibrous product was removed from the curing oven when the product reached 260° C. and the illustrative carbohydrate-based binder product including 3% of a temperature control additive (TCA) (♦, Binder 1+3% TCA).

FIG. 5 shows the temperature profiles inside a curing fibrous product as a function of time for an illustrative carbohydrate-based binder product cured in an oven maintained at 220° C. with (♦, Binder 1+1.4% TCA) and without (+, Binder 1) the inclusion of a temperature control additive.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the invention to the particular forms described, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.

In the manufacture of fiber products, a binder may be disposed onto fibers, such as mineral fibers or cellulosic fibers. The binder adheres to the loosely assembled fibers and causes the fibers to stick to each other. The collection of the fibers consolidated with binder forms a fiber product. A binder in its uncured state is made up of various chemicals capable of reacting with each other to form a polymer. Even when uncured, this binder promotes adhesion between the fibers. However, the physical properties, such as strength, of the binder are enhanced through a curing step. Curing involves reacting the chemicals together to form a polymer. The polymer is strong and has many desirable physical properties. These binder properties provide a fiber product, such as residential fiberglass insulation, with the properties to which consumers are accustomed. A fiber product having a binder in the uncured state may be used in further manufacturing. For example, the fiber product may be packaged, sold, and shipped to a customer that uses the product in the manufacture of another good. For example, the uncured product can be sold to molders who use cure the fiber product in a mold with a particular shape for a particular purpose. In another example, the uncured product may be stored and later cured in a distinct process by the original manufacturer.

Uncured binders can be cured. For example, the process of manufacturing a cured fiber product may include a step in which heat is applied to the uncured product to cause a chemical reaction. For example, in the case of making fiberglass insulation products, after the binder solution has been applied to the fibers and dehydrated, the uncured insulation product may be transferred to a curing oven. In the curing oven the uncured insulation product is heated (e.g., from about 300° F. to about 600° F. [from about 150° C. to about 320° C]), causing the binder to cure. As disclosed herein, the cured binder is a formaldehyde-free, water-resistant binder that binds fibers of the product together. Note that the drying and thermal curing may occur either sequentially, simultaneously, contemporaneously, or concurrently.

The curing reactions are typically initiated by heating the insulation product. Once the reaction has started, most curing reactions release energy in the form of heat. An exothermic process is one which releases energy, usually in the form of heat, during the process. An endothermic process is a process which consumes energy, usually in the form of heat, during the process. As such, heat is added to the product to initiate curing and then the exothermic curing reaction provides for the further release of heat. One aspect of the present disclosure is that a temperature control additive is used to control the temperature of the fiber product during an exothermic curing reaction.

As the exothermic curing reaction releases energy in the form of heat, the binder and the product incorporating the binder have a tendency to get hotter. That is, the heat released by the exothermic process may be retained by the binder or the product. Retention of heat will generally cause the temperature of the binder and product to increase. This process may be referred to as self-heating because it is the binder's release of heat which is increasing the temperature of the binder. Self-heating may be a benefit. Since many binder curing reactions are run at elevated temperatures (compared to ambient), a source of heat is required. For example, the heat is often provided by an oven or a heated platen. Self-heating may be beneficial when it facilitates curing the binder with a lower external heat requirement. For example, it may be possible to run the platen or curing ovens at lower temperatures if the binder self-heats. This will result in an energy cost savings. However, self-heating can also be detrimental to manufacturing processes. For example, if the temperature of the insulation product becomes too high, the binder can be damaged or even catch on fire. Furthermore, self-heating may facilitate decreased manufacturing cycle times. As a product self-heats, residency within heat source is no longer needed to maintain conditions satisfactory to curing (i.e. maintaining a temperature sufficient for curing). Thus, a product with extensive self-heating may require a shorter heating cycle. Similarly, the rate of chemical reaction for a binder is related to the temperature. This relationship is known to loosely follow the Arrhenius equation. As such, self-heating increases the temperature of the product beyond that provided by the oven or platen. The increase in temperature increases the curing reaction rates as would be expected from the Arrhenius equation. Thus, curing proceeds more quickly in systems that exhibit self-heating than it does in systems where self-heating does not occur.

If self-heating increases the temperature of a product to the point where oxidative processes commence, the self-heating may cause significant damage to the product. For example, flameless combustion or oxidation may occur when the temperature of the insulation product exceeds about 425° C. At these temperatures, the exothermic combustion or oxidation processes promote further self-heating and the binder may be destroyed. Furthermore, the temperature may increase to a level in which fusing or devitrification of the glass fibers is possible. Not only does this damage the structure and value of the insulation product, it may also create a fire hazard. The self-heating effect may be exacerbated by the density, thickness, and binder content of a particular product. Self-heating may also be more evident in binder systems exhibiting larger enthalpic changes as a result of the curing reaction.

Deleterious self-heating occurs when the heat introduced into the insulation product, in combination with the heat generated through the exothermic curing reaction, causes the temperature of the insulation product to reach a level that has detrimental effects on one or more of the insulation product components. Deleterious self-heating may be particularly problematic in insulation products having high insulating capacity. Insulation materials having high fiberglass density, high binder density, or a combination thereof may have an elevated tendency to exhibit deleterious self-heating. Similarly, insulation products have large physical dimensions, in particular thickness, may have an elevated tendency to deleteriously self-heat. One aspect of deleterious self-heating is that heat generated by the exothermic curing reactions may be contained within the insulation product due to the insulation product's capacity to retard heat transfer. Accordingly, one aspect of the present disclosure is that products having high insulative capacity (i.e. high R-value products) are particularly susceptible to deleterious self-heating during their manufacture. Another aspect of deleterious self-heating is that self-heating is the result of the exothermic chemical reaction associated with the curing of the binder. Accordingly, insulation products having a greater concentration of binder per unit volume (denser insulation products) may exhibit an enhanced tendency to be damaged by self-heating.

In one aspect, process conditions can strongly affect deleterious self-heating. For example, the manner in which heat or catalytic action is applied to an uncured insulation product to actuate curing can influence whether a particular composition will exhibit deleterious self-heating. In one example, relatively thin fiberglass batts tend not to exhibit deleterious self-heating because they have relatively low insulating material density, relatively low binder concentrations, and heat dissipation enables curing to occur at temperatures that are substantially lower than those which would cause damage to the binder or the insulating fibers. However, other insulation products may be more readily susceptible to deleterious self-heating. For example, fiberglass pipe insulation is susceptible to deleterious self-heating because it is highly insulating, confined to a rather small volume having relatively high density, and has relatively high binder content. Additionally, fiberglass pipe insulation is manufactured on equipment which transforms a substantially dehydrated uncured product into a shaped product and forces air through the material in order to quickly cure the binder. The speed of the process, the lack of moisture in the initial uncured binder, the high insulating capacity, and the high binder content may cause deleterious self-heating of the finished process to be a substantial concern. Molded fibrous products, in particular, are made through processes which are more susceptible to deleterious self-heating.

One practical manufacturing solution to the deleterious self-heating problem is readily ascertainable. The manufacturing process conditions can be modified to avoid the risk of deleterious self-heating. For example, a lower curing temperature could be used to cure the binder. Furthermore, external cooling mechanisms could be installed to force a cool fluid through or around the product. However, these solutions necessitate additional manufacturing burdens which may increase residency times in the manufacturing equipment and reduce the manufacturing rate. In addition to these reasons, one skilled in the art would appreciate that the available approaches to preventing deleterious self-heating are compromises which would result in a product and or process with characteristics that are undesirable.

One aspect of the present disclosure is that the temperature control additive increases the homogeneity of curing across the thickness of a manufactured product. One problem encountered in the manufacture fiber products from alternative binder systems was that the homogeneity of the product could exhibit significant variation. For example, curing of the binder in one location, for example in the center of the product, may deviate significantly from curing in another location, for example the edge or face of the product. A lack of homogeneity would also be evident between different locations equivalently situated, for example between two distinct locations on the face of the product. It was speculated that these deviations in binder curing may, at least partially, be the result of varying air resistance through the product in different areas. For example, in a region of increased air resistance, the exothermic self-heating may not be controlled by the flow of isothermic air through the product to the same extent as a region of decreased air resistance. While inhomogeneity in air resistance across the insulation product can be controlled, to a large extent, by control of manufacturing processes, a means of preventing inhomogeneities in curing conditions independent of local variations in air resistance is desirable.

One aspect of the present disclosure is that it may be advantageous to use one binder formulation on a large range of products within a manufacturing facility. To do so, a binder system must be operable within a range of different products and manufacturing processes. As described above, deleterious self-heating is often related to the product and process configuration; thus, using a consistent binder formulation across the range of processes and products may be difficult due to the propensity of some products and processes to exhibit deleterious self-heating. Accordingly, it may be advantageous to have a means of adding a temperature control additive to some products and processes without changing the binder composition. For example, a particularly challenging product or process, one that regularly exhibits deleterious self-heating with a standard binder formulation, may be made compatible with the standard binder formulation by incorporation of a temperature control additive.

One aspect of the present disclosure is that the temperature control additive functions through a mechanism which does not interfere with the binder system chemistry. In one embodiment, the temperature control additive does not chemically react with any of the binder components. In another embodiment, the temperature control additive is added to a fiber product at a point in which binder composition is substantially dry. For example, the temperature control additive may be added to the binder composition while substantially dry and the temperature control additive is added in the form of a powder, the powder will come into contact with the surface of the binder without being completely embedded within the binder. Therefore, the temperature control additive's interaction with the binder, and any chemistry which may occur within, is limited by the process conditions and structure of the product.

In another aspect, the temperature control additive functions through a mechanism which does not negatively interfere with the physical attributes of binder system. For example, the binder has been added to the fibers for the purpose of consolidating the fibers. If the temperature control additive is a substantial portion of the product, comprises particulates that are too large, or consumes too much of the binder on its surface, the binder may not be adequately available for binding the fibers. While this may be compensated by the addition of more binder, this may be undesirable in term of cost or other product performance characteristics. Accordingly, one aspect of the temperature control additive is that it does not substantially interfere or diminish the physical properties of the binder on the fibers. This interference or diminution would be observed through product characteristics being adversely affected for those products which contained a temperature control additive in comparison to those products which do not contain the temperature control additive.

A solution was discovered addressing the foregoing issues. Specifically, it was discovered that adding a temperature control additive to the insulation product prior to curing prevents deleterious self-heating during or after curing and improves the homogeneity of the cured binder. While the nature of temperature control additive is not to be limited by disclosure of a particular example, it was determined that those additives which undergo endothermic changes at temperatures in close proximity (within 20° C.) to the cure temperature are particularly useful. For example, a temperature control additive may release water at a set temperature (i.e. dehydrate); the release being characterized as endothermic. Insulation products manufactured with the temperature control additive did not excessively self-heat and exhibited more homogeneous cure properties. It was also unexpectedly discovered that temperature control additives improve the consistency of the curing across the insulation products.

The temperature control additive of the present disclosure is well-suited for the binder compositions and associated reaction conditions for a number of the newly developed formaldehyde-free binder formulations. For example, the temperature control additive is well-suited for the binder formulations described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,655,711, U.S. Published Patent Application 2007/0123680, and PCT published application WO 2009/019235, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. One aspect of the present disclosure is that the suitability of combining a particular binder composition and a temperature control additive rests, in part, on the extent to which the binder reaction is exothermic. One aspect of the present disclosure is that many of the formaldehyde-free binder formulations are either more exothermic or require higher temperatures for curing than the traditionally used phenol-formaldehyde chemistries. Since the reactions are more exothermic, they exhibit greater self-heating. Reactions requiring higher curing temperatures must be more closely controlled because even small amounts of self-heating may cause the temperature to rise so that the binder or fibers become damaged.

As used herein, the term binder solution is the solution of chemicals which can be dried to form the uncured binder. As used herein, the term uncured binder is the substantially dehydrated mixture of chemicals which can be cured to form the cured binder. In practice, the uncured binder may be a colorless or white to off white sticky substance that is typically water soluble. As used herein, the term cured binder is a polymer which is generally insoluble. The cured binder may have a characteristic brown to black color.

In illustrative embodiments, the binder comprises a reaction product of a carbohydrate and a source of nitrogen. In one embodiment, the binders are derived from Maillard reactions. In another embodiment, the binders comprise melanoidins. In further embodiments, the binders are based on reducing sugars. In one embodiment, the binder comprises a reaction product of a carbohydrate and an amine or polyamine. In further illustrative embodiments, the binder comprises a reaction product of a carbohydrate, a source of nitrogen, and an acid precursor. In one embodiment, the binder comprises a reaction product of a carbohydrate, ammonia, and an inorganic acid precursor. In another embodiment, the binder comprises a reaction product of a carbohydrate, ammonia, and an organic acid precursor. Exemplary inorganic acid precursors include sulfates, phosphates and nitrates. Exemplary organic acid precursors include polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, or succinic acid. In one embodiment, the source of nitrogen is an amine base; for example, the source of nitrogen may be ammonia, an ammonium salt, or an alkyl diamine.

In illustrative embodiments, the uncured binder includes the substantially dehydrated cured binder precursors. For example, the uncured binder may include the ammonium salts of the organic or inorganic acids. The uncured binder may also include the dried carbohydrate compound, for example, dextrose. The dextrose may be in the form of a hydrate or a salt. In one embodiment, the binder comprises a dried uncured mixture of dextrose and diammonium phosphate. In another embodiment, the binder comprises a dried uncured mixture of dextrose and diammonium sulfate. In yet another embodiment, binder comprises a dried uncured mixture of dextrose and triammonium citrate.

In illustrative embodiments, an uncured fibrous product comprises an uncured binder, a collection of fibers, and a temperature control additive. In one embodiment, the uncured binder is disposed upon the collection of fibers and the temperature control additive is a particulate and is distributed within the fibrous product. In one embodiment, the temperature control additive is aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium silicate hydrates, or calcium sulfate dihydrate. In another embodiment, the uncured binder comprises a carbohydrate and an amine base salt of a multiprotic acid. For example, the carbohydrate may be dextrose, xylose, fructose, dihydroxyacetone, or mixtures thereof and the amine base salt of the multiprotic acid may be ammonium citrate, ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate or ammonium sulfate. In one embodiment, a collection of fibers comprises from about 61% to about 96% by weight of the uncured fiber product, the temperature control additive comprises from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the uncured fiber product, and the binder comprises from about 3% to about 30% by weight of the uncured of the uncured fiber product. In another embodiment, the fiber product may also include a silicon containing compound, wherein the silicon containing compound is concentrated at an interface between the binder and the fibers and at a second interface between the binder and the temperature control additive. In one embodiment the silicon-containing compound is a functionalized silylether or a functionalized alkylsilylether, such as for example, an amino-functionalized alkylsilylether. For example, in one embodiment, the silicon-containing compound may be gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, or aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, or a mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the silicon-containing compound may be an aminofunctional oligomeric siloxane.

In illustrative embodiments, the fibers comprise fibers selected from a group consisting of mineral fibers (slag wool fibers, rock wool fibers, or glass fibers), aramid fibers, ceramic fibers, metal fibers, carbon fibers, polyimide fibers, polyester fibers, rayon fibers, and cellulosic fibers. In one embodiment, the fibers are glass fibers and the fibrous product is fiberglass insulation. In another embodiment, the fibers are mineral wool insulation. In another embodiment, the glass fibers are present in the range from about 70% to about 99% by weight. In another embodiment, the collection of fibers comprises cellulosic fibers. For example, the cellulosic fibers may be wood shavings, sawdust, wood pulp, or ground wood. In yet another embodiment, the cellulosic fibers may be other natural fibers such as jute, flax, hemp, and straw. In one embodiment, the cellulosic fibers are present in the range from about 65% to about 97% by weight.

As used herein, a temperature control additive is a material that undergoes an endothermic process at a temperature relevant to the binder curing reaction. The temperature control additive may undergo an endothermic process comprising decomposition, dehydration, or a phase transition. Illustratively, the temperature control additive may undergo an endothermic process consuming about 200 calories per gram of the temperature control additive [˜840 J/g]. In one embodiment, the temperature control additive is a metal salt hydrate that undergoes an endothermic dehydration.

In illustrative embodiments, the temperature control additive is selected from the group consisting of Al(OH)₃, AlO(OH), Ca(OH)₂, Ca₃PO₄.H₂O, CaSO₄.2H₂O, 5CaO.6SiO₂.5H₂O, 6CaO.6SiO₂.H₂O, MgSO₄.8H₂O, MgCO₃.3H₂O, 4Mg(CO₃).Mg(OH)₂.4H₂O, Mg(OH)2, MgO.(CO₂)_((0.96)).(H₂O)_((0.30)), Mg₃(PO₄)₂.8H₂O, NaAlCO₃(OH)₂, NaBO₃.4H₂O, K₃(citrate).H₂O, Ba(acetate)₂.H₂O, and BaB2O₄.nH₂O, where n is an integer less than or equal to 7, or a mixture thereof. Referring now to Table 1, shown is a list of exemplary temperature control additive and the resulting particulate generated upon the temperature control additive being exposed to elevated temperatures. For each example provided, as the temperature control additive is heated, it undergoes an endothermic process.

TABLE 1 Temperature Control Additive Resulting Particulate Name Formula Formula aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)₃ Al₂O₃, AlO(OH) aluminium oxide hydroxide AlO(OH) Al₂O₃ calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂ CaO calcium phosphate monohydrate Ca₃PO₄•H₂O Ca₃PO₄ calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO₄•2H₂O CaSO₄•0.5H₂O tobermorite 5CaO•6SiO2•5H2O 5CaO•6SiO2•H2O xonotlite 6CaO•6SiO2•H2O fractional hydrates magnesium sulfate octahydrate MgSO₄•8H₂O MgSO₄•nH₂O, where n ≦ 8 magnesium carbonate trihydrate MgCO₃•3H₂O MgCO₃ and/or MgO hydromagnesite 4Mg(CO₃)•Mg(OH)₂•4H₂O MgCO₃ and/or MgO magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)₂ MgO magnesium carbonate subhydrate MgO•(CO₂)_((0.96))•(H₂O)_((0.30)) MgCO₃ and/or MgO magnesium phosphate octahydrate Mg₃(PO₄)₂•8H₂O Mg₃(PO₄)₂•nH₂O, where n ≦ 8 sodium aluminum carbonate hydroxide NaAlCO₃(OH)₂ NaAlO₂ sodium perborate tetrahydrate NaBO₃•4H₂O NaBO₃•H₂O potassium citrate monohydrate K₃(citrate)•H₂O K₃(citrate) barium acetate Ba(acetate)₂)•H₂O BaCO₃ barium borate hydrate BaB₂O₄•nH₂O, where n ≦ 7 BaB₂O₄

The endothermic process changes at least a portion of the temperature control additive into what has been described here as a resulting particulate. The resulting particulates shown in Table 1 are not intended to be a complete listing of the various products which may form during the endothermic process; rather, it shows the formula for a primary or significant product. Furthermore, it is noted that several of the resulting particulates are not stable under ambient conditions which include 50% relative humidity. Instead, the resulting particulate may be hygroscopic or otherwise reactive. I n some cases, the resulting particulate will reversibly convert back to the temperature control additive at some time after the endothermic process. For example, calcium sulfate dihydrate will dehydrate to form either an anhydrous or hemihydrous (0.5 moles of water) form at high temperatures. It is also known that the calcium sulfate dihydrate is thermodynamically more stable under ambient conditions which include room temperature and 50% relative humidity. Thus, the dihydrate will be present again at some time after curing.

The present disclosure relates to the use of the temperature control additive to prevent deleterious self-heating during or after curing of the binder. Accordingly, the uncured fiber product will include a temperature control additive and the cured fiber product will include a resulting particulate. One aspect of the present disclosure is that the products described herein are not using the temperature control additive to achieve flame resistance. Specifically, a goal of the present invention is not to obtain a flame resistant fibrous product. Rather, one aspect of the present disclosure is that the cured product will perform in a nearly identical manner to the same cured product which does not include the temperature control additive. The distinction between the product made with the temperature control additive and the product without the temperature control additive is that the manufacturing process will be more controllable and the resulting product will not exhibit the unwanted characteristics of a product that has undergone deleterious self-heating. This may enable the use of higher curing temperatures and shorter cycle times with the temperature control additive because the temperature control additive prevents deleterious self-heating during the manufacturing process. While the temperature control additive is incorporated at a time which primarily advances the purpose of avoiding deleterious self-heating during curing, the resulting particulate or re-hydrated resulting particulate (e.g. calcium sulfate dihydrate described above) may provide a given fibrous product with enhanced flame resistance. Specifically, the fibrous product may exhibit improved performance compared to a fibrous product made without the temperature control additive on flame penetration testing.

In one embodiment, the temperature control additive is a metal hydroxide which decomposes at elevated temperature to release water. For example, the temperature control additive may include aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃) or magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂). In another embodiment, the temperature control additive is a compound that undergoes a dehydration and decomposition. For example, the temperature control additive may include hydromagnesite (4Mg(CO₃).Mg(OH)₂.4H₂O). Magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide may be preferred temperature control additives due to their availability and relatively low cost.

Aluminum hydroxide decomposes to form aluminum oxide (alumina, Al₂O₃) and releases three moles of water while consuming approximately 280 calories/gram [1172 J/g]. This decomposition is known to occur at approximately 230° C. Magnesium hydroxide decomposes to magnesium oxide (magnesia, MgO) and releases one mole of water while consuming approximately 330 calories/gram [1380 J/g]. The decomposition of magnesium hydroxide occurs at approximately 330° C. The decomposition and dehydration of hydromagnesite proceeds with a dehydration to produce four moles of water at temperatures below 250° C., a decomposition of Mg(OH₂) to produce MgO proceeds with the production of one mole of water at temperatures between 250° C. and 350° C., and a decarbonation of 4MgCO₃ to produce 4MgO and four moles of carbon dioxide proceeds at temperatures between 350° C. and 550° C.

In illustrative embodiments, the temperature control additive includes a magnesium sulfate hydrate (MgSO₄.nH₂O), wherein n is an integer less than or equal to 8, or a mixture thereof. For example, the temperature control additive may be magnesium sulfate octahydrate or heptahydrate. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the various hydrates of the magnesium sulfate hydrate can be used interchangeably to some extent and the temperature control additive is likely to include several forms. Further, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the enthalpy of dehydration associated with the removal of additional water may differ. As such, one could tailor the performance characteristics of the temperature control additive by varying the ratio of each form of hydrate.

In further illustrative embodiments, the temperature control additive includes a calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum, CaSO₄.2H₂O). The dehydration of gypsum is well known in the art and is known to occur between 100° C. and 150° C. (302° F.). The dehydration is known to comprise a first partial dehydration in which approximately 75% of the hydrated water is lost and a final dehydration which results in anhydrous calcium sulfate. At temperatures over 250° C., the anhydrous form is prevalent. The partially dehydrated calcium sulfate is known as the hemihydrate or calcined gypsum and has a formula of (CaSO₄.mH₂O), wherein m is in the range 0.5 to 0.8. Another aspect of using gypsum as the temperature control additive is that it can return from either the anhydrous or the calcined gypsum form to the dehydrate form through exposure to ambient water vapor levels. Accordingly, an uncured fiber product would include the dihydrate, a recently cured or curing fiber product would include primarily the anhydrous or hemihydrate, and the finished product would include primarily the dihydrate.

In illustrative embodiments, the temperature control additive is a calcium silicate hydrate. As used herein, a calcium silicate hydrate includes those hydrates produced through silicic acid-calcium reaction between a siliceous raw material and a calcareous raw material in the slurry thereof under high temperature and high pressure conditions, wherein the siliceous raw material means a material mainly consisting of SiO₂ such as silica sand, silica powder, diatomaceous earth, silica fume, feldspar, clay mineral or fly-ash; and the calcareous raw material means a material mainly consisting of CaO such as quick lime or slaked lime. When a slurry made of the siliceous raw material and the calcareous raw material dispersed into water is heated with agitation under pressure, a calcium silicate hydrate such as a tobermorite and/or xonotlite can be formed through silicic acid-calcium reaction in the slurry.

In illustrative embodiments, the temperature control additive is selected from the group consisting of potassium citrate monohydrate (K₃(citrate).H₂O), tricalcium phosphate monohydrate (Ca₃PO₄.H₂O), sodium perborate tetrahydrate (NaBO₃.4H₂O), barium acetate monohydrate (Ba(acetate)₂).H₂O), barium borate dihydrate (BaB₂O₄.2H₂O), and barium borate heptahydrate (BaB₂O₄.7H₂O). One skilled in the art appreciates that the use of some of these compounds presents some handling and safety concerns which may require an additional treatment step or a final use within a limited and/or specific application. As such, while not optimal in every application, these temperature control additives possess unique chemical properties such that the additive itself or the resulting particulate may provide for specific disadvantages and/or advantages according to some fibrous product applications.

It was also discovered that various compounds could be used together as an effective temperature control additive. For example, in some applications a combination of aluminum hydroxide and calcium sulfate dihydrate are particularly effective at preventing deleterious self-heating during curing. Similarly, a combination of aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide may be particularly effective in certain applications.

While aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and hydromagnesite have been used previously as a flame retardant and incorporated into plastics as such, the present application can be distinguished from these uses. In particular, the temperature control additive is being incorporated into uncured binder compositions to aid in the curing process. The curing process does not involve the use of direct flames; rather, heat energy is typically applied without flames. As such, the temperature control additive is not used for flame retardancy. During the curing of the product, the temperature control additive is converted to its dehydrated or decomposed state. For example, during curing, aluminum hydroxide is converted into aluminum oxide. Thus, the manufactured fibrous product may not include any temperature control additive because it was entirely consumed during the manufacturing process.

As described herein, one characteristic of a temperature control additive is that it undergoes an endothermic process upon heating. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) have been widely applied to study the thermal dehydration and decomposition of various compounds that can be used as temperature control additives. The analytical results established that various grades of particulates may perform with differing efficacy according to the average particle size. Furthermore, the apparent dehydration and decomposition behavior may also be influenced by the analytical procedure used. It was determined that sample size, heating rate, inert gas flow rate and degree to which the pan was sealed could influence the observed results. It was determined that the efficacy of the temperature control additive in the manufacturing process is a function of the particle size and means of incorporating the temperature control additive into the manufacturing process.

In illustrative embodiments, the temperature control additive is a particulate. In one embodiment, the particulate is a fine particulate. For example, the particulate may have a number weighted average particle size of less than about 200 micrometers, 50 micrometers, or 20 micrometers. In another embodiment, the particulate has a number weighted average particle size of between about 5 micrometers and about 200 micrometers. In one embodiment, the uncured fibrous product comprises from about 0.5% to 20% of a temperature control additive by weight. In another embodiment, the uncured fibrous product comprises from about 1% to about 10% of a temperature control additive by weight. One skilled in the art will appreciate that temperature control additives that function through dehydration and/or decomposition may lose significant mass as a result of the dehydration and/or decomposition. Accordingly, the weight of a temperature control additive may be significantly reduced through the curing process such that the cured product may include a much smaller percentage of the resulting particulate. For example, the resulting particulate may comprise from about 0.2 to about 20% of the cured product. As described above, since the temperature control additive may rehydrate in ambient conditions after the curing process is complete, the upper bound of the temperature control additive and the resulting particulate may be the same.

Binder compositions described herein can be used to fabricate a number of different materials. In particular, these binders can be used to produce or promote cohesion in non- or loosely-assembled matter (fibers) by placing the binder in contact with the matter to be bound. Any number of well known techniques can be employed to place the aqueous binder in contact with the material to be bound. For example, the aqueous binder can be sprayed on (for example during the binding glass fibers) or applied via a roll-coat apparatus.

It was found that the temperature control additive can be added to the binder formulation that is sprayed onto the fibrous products to provide an essentially homogeneous distribution, or it can be applied to the finished, uncured fibrous product, i.e. by applying the additive as a powder or as a dispersion onto the surface of the uncured fibrous product.

The temperature control additives described herein are generally considered insoluble or only slightly soluble in water, and, thus, form dispersions in aqueous solutions. One skilled in the art appreciates that a dispersion may be a liquid phase in which a solid phase has been distributed. In one embodiment, the temperature control additive is a monodispersed dispersion. As used herein, a monodispersed dispersion is one in which at least 75% of the weight of the particulate in solution is in the form of single particles in contrast to a solution containing aggregated or coagulated particles. One skilled in the art will appreciate the numerous analytical techniques available to establish the extent to which a dispersion is monodispersed. In one embodiment the dispersion containing the temperature control additive includes a surfactant suitable for dispersing the temperature control additive. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the use of a surfactant may enhance the monodispersity of a dispersion. In one embodiment, the dispersion is prepared through the use of mechanical and/or sonic mixing techniques. For example, one skilled in the art will appreciate that a dispersion of particles within a solution may require the imposition of shear forces on the solution through stirring and/or sonication. The methods described herein include those techniques undertaken to form an appropriate dispersion.

In illustrative embodiments, the temperature control additive is useful for controlling the temperature during a curing step. In one embodiment, a method includes curing the binder by passing the fibrous product through at least one zone of a curing oven or mold press at a temperature within the range 170° C.-300° C. for a time with an oven residence time in the range of about 30 seconds to 30 minutes.

In illustrative embodiments, a method of curing a binder comprises heating an uncured binder and maintaining the binder temperature within a predetermined temperature range. In one embodiment, the heating includes initiating an exothermic curing reaction. In another embodiment, the maintaining is for a time sufficient and at a temperature sufficient for the uncured binder to substantially cure. In another embodiment, the maintaining includes causing a particulate temperature control additive to undergo an endothermic process, the endothermic process consuming at least a portion of heat generated by the exothermic curing reaction. In one embodiment, heating the uncured binder includes initiating an exothermic curing reaction between a carbohydrate and an amine base salt of a multiprotic acid. In another embodiment, heating the uncured binder includes initiating an exothermic curing reaction between dextrose, xylose, fructose, dihydroxyacetone, or mixtures thereof and ammonium citrate, ammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate or ammonium sulfate. In another embodiment, the method of curing a binder includes decomposing a hydroxide salt, liberating water. In yet another embodiment, the predetermined temperature range is from about 100° C. to about 350° C. In another embodiment, the predetermined range of about 170° C. to about 300° C. In one embodiment, the method of curing a binder includes causing the particulate temperature control additive to undergo an endothermic process consuming about 200 calories per gram [837 J/g] of the particulate temperature control additive.

In illustrative embodiments, a method of manufacturing an insulation product comprises contacting a collection of fibers with a binder to form an uncured insulation product, contacting the collection of fibers with a temperature control additive, shaping the uncured insulation product into a configuration adapted for an insulating purpose, applying an amount of energy to the uncured insulation product subsequent to contacting the collection of fibers with a temperature control additive, the amount of energy sufficient to initiate an exothermic process transitioning the binder from an uncured state to a cured state, and maintaining the temperature of the binder within a predetermined range. In one embodiment, the method of manufacturing an insulation product further comprises forming a dispersion comprising the binder and the temperature control additive, wherein contacting the collection of fibers with the binder and contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive occur concurrently through contacting the collection of fibers with the dispersion including the binder and the temperature control additive. In another embodiment, forming the dispersion includes adding a surfactant. In yet another embodiment, the method of manufacturing an insulation product further comprises forming an aqueous dispersion of the temperature control additive and a surfactant, wherein contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive occurs subsequently to contacting the collection of fibers with the binder. In one embodiment, contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive includes distributing the temperature control additive, the temperature control additive being in the form of a powder, onto the uncured insulation product. In another embodiment, shaping the uncured insulation product includes shaping the uncured insulation product into a configuration adapted for insulating walls. In yet another embodiment, shaping the uncured insulation product includes shaping the uncured insulation product into a configuration adapted for insulating pipes. In another embodiment, shaping the uncured insulation product includes shaping the uncured insulation into a shape adapted to a pipe insulation product.

The additive can be applied in form of an aqueous dispersion sprayed on the fibrous product or by applying the additive as a powder on top of at least one surface of the product. In case the additive is applied in form of an aqueous dispersion, it could be added to the binder formulation that is sprayed on the fibrous product. This can be achieved by either homogeneously mixing the additive in the binder formulation batch, or by inline-injection of an aqueous dispersion of the additive to the binder formulation just prior to the application point of the binder formulation to the fibrous product. Dispersions of the temperature control additive can be achieved as known in the art, i.e. by use of suitable mixing devices, dispersing agents, and if needed by using coated water release additives.

The combination of binder and temperature control additive of the present disclosure is distinguishable from those binder formulations previously developed utilizing phenol-formaldehyde (PF) binder chemistries. In particular, those binders described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,907,724; 3,919,134; 3,956,204; and 5,043,214 each disclose modifying the binder reactants so that the binder resists self-heating during curing. This approach is disfavored because it involves the modification of the binder chemistry. Modification of the binder chemistry for the purpose of avoiding self-heating is undesirable because modifications necessarily entail a compromise with some other characteristic (i.e. strength, weatherability, cost). As described above, it is also undesirable to have multiple binder formulations within a manufacturing facility because certain products or processes tend to exhibit deleterious self-heating. The temperature control additives described herein do not require modification of the binder chemistry; thus, they can be used without compromising the binder properties or changing binder compositions between the various products and processes.

Additional features of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of illustrative embodiments exemplifying the best mode of carrying out the disclosure as presently perceived.

Embodiments of the invention are further described by the following enumerated clauses:

1. A fiber product comprising a binder, a collection of fibers, and a particulate selected from a group consisting of magnesia, alumina, and calcined gypsum, wherein the binder is disposed upon the collection of fibers and the particulate is distributed within the fiber product.

2. The fiber product of clause 1, wherein the particulate has a number weighted average particle size of less than about 200 micrometers.

3. The fiber product of clause 1, wherein the particulate has a number weighted average particle size of less than about 50 micrometers.

4. The fiber product of clause 1, wherein the particulate has a number weighted average particle size of less than about 20 micrometers.

5. The fiber product of any one of clauses 1-4, wherein the wherein the fiber product comprises from about 0.25% to about 15% by weight of the particulate.

6. The fiber product of any one of clauses 1-5, wherein the wherein the fiber product comprises from about 3% to about 30% by weight of the binder.

7. The fiber product of any one of clauses 1-6, wherein the wherein the binder comprises a reaction product of a carbohydrate and an amine.

8. The fiber product of clause 7, wherein the carbohydrate comprises a monosaccharide and the amine comprises a primary amine.

9. The fiber product of clause 7, wherein the carbohydrate comprises dextrose, fructose, or mixtures thereof.

10. The fiber product of any one of clauses 1-9, wherein the particulate is dispersed within the binder.

11. A mineral fiber insulation product comprising a binder, a collection of mineral fibers, and a particulate selected from a group consisting of magnesia, alumina, and calcined gypsum wherein the binder is disposed upon the collection of mineral fibers and the particulate is distributed within the mineral fiber insulation product.

12. The mineral fiber insulation product of clause 11, wherein the mineral fiber insulation product comprises about 61% to about 96% mineral fibers and about 1% to about 15% of the particulate.

13. The mineral fiber insulation product of clause 11 or 12, wherein the particulate has a number weighted average particle size of less than about 200 micrometers.

14. The mineral fiber insulation product of clause 11 or 12, wherein the particulate has a number weighted average particle size of less than about 50 micrometers.

15. The mineral fiber insulation product of any one of clauses 11-14, wherein the binder is a product of reacting a carbohydrate and an amine.

16. The mineral fiber insulation product of any one of clauses 11-15, further comprising an organosilane in contact with the particulate.

17. An uncured fiber product comprising an uncured binder, a collection of fibers, and a temperature control additive, wherein the uncured binder is disposed upon the collection of fibers and the temperature control additive is a particulate in contact with the collection of fibers, in contact with the binder, or dispersed throughout the uncured fiber product.

18. The uncured fiber product of clause 17, wherein the temperature control additive is selected from a group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium silicate hydrates, and calcium sulfate dihydrate.

19. The uncured fiber product of clause 17 or 18, wherein the uncured binder comprises a carbohydrate and an amine.

20. The uncured fiber product of clause 19, wherein the carbohydrate is selected from a group consisting of dextrose, xylose, fructose, dihydroxyacetone, and mixtures thereof.

21. The uncured fiber product of any one of clauses 17-20, wherein the amine is an ammonium salt or a primary amine.

22. The uncured fiber product of any one of clauses 17-21 comprising about 61% to about 96% fibers, about 1% to about 15% of the temperature control additive, and 3% to about 30% of the uncured binder.

23. The uncured fiber product of any one of clauses 17-22, further comprising a silicon containing compound, wherein the silicon containing compound is concentrated at a first interface between the uncured binder and the fibers and at a second interface between the uncured binder and the temperature control additive.

24. A method of curing a binder having a temperature control additive, comprising heating an uncured binder to a temperature within a predetermined temperature range, the temperature range being high enough to cure the binder but low enough so as to not burn the binder and maintaining the temperature within the predetermined temperature range for a time sufficient to substantially cure the binder, wherein maintaining the temperature includes the temperature control additive undergoing an endothermic process.

25. The method of clause 24, wherein the predetermined temperature range is from about 100° C. to about 350° C.

26. The method of clause 24, wherein the predetermined temperature range is from about 170° C. to about 300° C.

27. The method of any one of clauses 24-26, wherein the predetermined temperature range has as its lower boundary a temperature sufficient to initiate a curing reaction.

28. The method of any one of clauses 24-27, wherein the predetermined temperature range has as its upper boundary a temperature at which the binder ignites.

29. The method of any one of clauses 24-28, the temperature control additive undergoing an endothermic process comprising a decomposition, a phase transition, or a dehydration.

30. The method of curing a binder of clause 29, wherein the temperature control additive undergoing an endothermic process consumes at least about 200 calories per gram of the particulate temperature control additive.

31. A method of manufacturing an insulation product comprising contacting a collection of fibers with a binder to form an uncured insulation product, contacting the collection of fibers with a temperature control additive, shaping the uncured insulation product into a configuration adapted for an insulating purpose, applying an amount of energy to the uncured insulation product subsequent to contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive, the amount of energy sufficient to initiate an exothermic process curing of the binder from an uncured state to a cured state, and maintaining the temperature of the binder within a predetermined range.

32. The method of manufacturing an insulation product of clause 31 further comprising forming a dispersion comprising the binder and the temperature control additive, wherein contacting the collection of fibers with the binder and contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive occur concurrently through contacting the collection of fibers with the dispersion including the binder and the temperature control additive.

33. The method of manufacturing an insulation product of clause 32, wherein forming the dispersion includes adding a surfactant.

34. The method of manufacturing an insulation product of any one of clauses 31-33 further comprising forming an aqueous dispersion of the temperature control additive and a surfactant, wherein contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive occurs subsequently to contacting the collection of fibers with the binder.

35. The method of manufacturing an insulation product of clause 31, wherein contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive includes sprinkling the temperature control additive onto the uncured insulation product, the temperature control additive being in the form of a dry powder or concentrated slurry.

36. The method of manufacturing an insulation product of any one of clauses 31-35, wherein shaping the uncured insulation product includes shaping the uncured insulation product into a configuration adapted for insulating walls.

37. The method of manufacturing an insulation product of any one of clauses 31-35, wherein shaping the uncured insulation product includes shaping the uncured insulation product into a configuration adapted for insulating pipes.

38. Use of a particulate selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium silicate hydrates, and calcium sulfate dihydrate as a temperature control additive in the manufacture of fibrous products.

39. The use of clause 38, wherein the fibrous product is mineral wool insulation or fiberglass insulation.

EXAMPLES

Referring now to FIG. 1, shown is the temperature profile inside a curing fibrous product as a function of time for an illustrative carbohydrate-based binder and a comparable phenol formaldehyde based binder. The graph shows the temperature versus the time for three separate temperature probes. The solid black line shows the temperature of the curing oven used in this particular experiment measured with a probe inside the curing oven, but not in contact or direct proximity to either of the fibrous products. This temperature profile shows that the temperature inside the oven returns to the set temperature of 220° C. shortly after the fibrous products are inserted into the oven and the door is closed. The temperature of the oven was maintained at 220° C. by the temperature control electronics of the oven; thus, it does not increase or decrease in response to the exothermic reactions occurring therein. The trace comprising the circular data markers shows the temperature inside of a sample of a fibrous product having a phenol formaldehyde (PF) based binder system. The trace comprising the (+) data markers shows the temperature inside of a sample of a fibrous product having a carbohydrate based binder system.

The temperature probes were placed in the center of a 6″×6″×6″ cube of fiberglass insulation product initially comprising uncured binders. At time 0, the cubes were placed inside the curing oven. The PF binder was made according to the methods and formulations well-known in the art, such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,638,882 to Helbing et al. The comparative examples are binders made according to Published PCT Application WO 2009/019235. Specifically, Binder 1 includes dextrose, diammonium phosphate, and a silane. The traces show the temperature at the center of the cube over the course of 160 minutes.

Initially, the temperature inside the PF sample and the Binder 1 sample exhibit a similar behavior. Specifically, each of the probes shows a gradual increase in temperature. However, between 40 and 60 minutes the temperature inside the Binder 1 sample crosses over the trace of the PF sample and the curing oven temperature. Accordingly, the temperature inside the Binder 1 sample exceeds the temperature of the oven. This leads to the conclusion that the curing of Binder 1 is self-heating the product. It should be noted that the temperature inside the PF sample never significantly exceeds the oven temperature, thus the PF sample is not exhibiting significant self-heating. The temperature of the Binder 1 sample eventually reaches a maximum temperature of about 425° C. before the temperature begins to decrease. The decrease in temperature can be attributed to a lack of further self-heating and a dissipation of heat which can be attributed to the completion of the curing reaction. The temperature reached by the Binder 1 sample was high enough so that the binder's properties were compromised by the elevated temperature. The temperature was sufficiently high to damage the product, thus the self-heating can be described as deleterious self-heating. However, it is noted that the product did not ignite and no flames were observed. Examination of the cured product did show that it was charred and discolored near its center.

Accordingly, FIG. 1 captures one aspect of the challenges presented by the new class of environmentally friendly binder compositions. The exothermic reaction which occurs during curing can result to deleterious self-heating.

As discussed herein, one approach to dealing with the exothermic nature of the curing reaction would be to change the process parameters to manage the temperature that the sample reaches. Referring now to FIG. 2, an exemplary fibrous product was made with the same composition and method as described with the Binder 1 sample as described above. Furthermore, the experiment was performed in an identical method as described above except that when the temperature inside the product reached the set point of the oven, the sample was removed from the curing oven. Because the sample was not in the oven, heat could dissipate from the product more readily and the temperature of the sample remained low. The self-heating did not become deleterious as the dissipation of heat prevented the temperature of the product from reaching temperatures which damaged the product. It should be noted that the product made in FIG. 2 may not have been cured sufficiently for adequate binder performance. Specifically, the temperature was maintained above 200° C. for only about 18 minutes. The residency time requirements are product specific. While this approach is useful, the inherent difficulty is shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows an identical experiment to that shown with respect to FIG. 2, except the curing oven is set to maintain 260° C. When the sample temperature reached the oven temperature, the sample was removed from the oven. However, the temperature of the sample continued to increase to approximately 620° C. At this temperature, deleterious self-heating is observed and much of the binder is severely burned.

Referring now to FIG. 4, the experiment shown in FIG. 3 was repeated except with the inclusion of a temperature control additive. Specifically, a temperature control additive (designated as TCA in FIG. 4) was added at a level of 3% by weight, based on the total dried product. The temperature control additive was aluminum hydroxide, as described herein. The trace of the sample shows that the temperature control additive prevents the deleterious self heating and keeps the internal temperature of the sample to less than or equal to about 320° C. As such, the temperature control additive has prevented deleterious self-heating with a binder and process conditions that would typically exhibit deleterious self-heating (e.g. the example of shown in FIG. 3).

Referring now to FIG. 5, shown is a comparison between a sample containing a temperature control additive added at a level of 1.4% by weight, based on the total dried product and a comparable sample without the temperature control additive. The samples were kept in the oven through the curing reaction. The sample containing the temperature control additive reached a maximum temperature of about 290° C. in the oven set at 220° C. The sample without the temperature control additive reached a maximum temperature of about 420° C. Thus, it is apparent that even relatively small amounts of a temperature control additive are sufficient to prevent deleterious self-heating.

Furthermore, it was found that the effectiveness of the temperature control additive was not limited to one particular method of applying it to the product. Illustratively, the same effectiveness was achieved by either applying the additive on the product in the form of an aqueous dispersion or by applying the additive in form of a powder on one product surface. It was also found that the temperature control additive can be added to the binder formulation that is sprayed onto the product prior to drying the binder solution to form an uncured product. 

1. A mineral fiber insulation product comprising a binder, a collection of mineral fibers, and a particulate selected from a group consisting of magnesia, alumina, and calcined gypsum, wherein the binder is disposed upon the collection of mineral fibers and the particulate is distributed within the mineral fiber insulation product, wherein the binder comprises a reaction product of a carbohydrate and an amine.
 2. The fiber product of claim 1, wherein the particulate has a number weighted average particle size of less than about 200 micrometers.
 3. The fiber product of claim 1, wherein the particulate has a number weighted average particle size of less than about 50 micrometers.
 4. The fiber product of claim 1, wherein the particulate has a number weighted average particle size of less than about 20 micrometers.
 5. The fiber product of claim 1, wherein the wherein the fiber product comprises from about 0.25% to about 15% by weight of the particulate.
 6. The fiber product of claim 1, wherein the wherein the fiber product comprises from about 3% to about 30% by weight of the binder.
 7. The fiber product of claim 1, wherein the carbohydrate comprises a monosaccharide and the amine comprises a primary amine.
 8. The fiber product of claim 1, wherein the carbohydrate comprises dextrose, fructose, or mixtures thereof.
 9. The fiber product of claim 1, wherein the particulate is dispersed within the binder.
 10. The mineral fiber insulation product of claim 1, wherein the mineral fiber insulation product comprises about 61% to about 96% mineral fibers and about 1% to about 15% of the particulate.
 11. The mineral fiber insulation product of claim 1 or 10, wherein the particulate has a number weighted average particle size of less than about 200 micrometers.
 12. The mineral fiber insulation product of claim 1 or 10, wherein the particulate has a number weighted average particle size of less than about 50 micrometers.
 13. The mineral fiber insulation product of claim 1 or 10, further comprising an organosilane in contact with the particulate.
 14. An uncured mineral fiber insulation product comprising an uncured binder, a collection of fibers, and a temperature control additive, wherein the uncured binder is disposed upon the collection of fibers and the temperature control additive is a particulate in contact with the collection of fibers, in contact with the binder, or dispersed throughout the uncured fiber product, wherein the uncured binder comprises a carbohydrate and an amine.
 15. The uncured fiber product of claim 14, wherein the temperature control additive is selected from a group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium silicate hydrates, and calcium sulfate dihydrate.
 16. The uncured fiber product of claim 14 or 15, wherein the carbohydrate is selected from a group consisting of dextrose, xylose, fructose, dihydroxyacetone, and mixtures thereof.
 17. The uncured fiber product of claim 14, wherein the amine is an ammonium salt or a primary amine.
 18. The uncured fiber product of claim 14 comprising about 61% to about 96% fibers, about 1% to about 15% of the temperature control additive, and 3% to about 30% of the uncured binder.
 19. The uncured fiber product of claim 14, further comprising a silicon containing compound, wherein the silicon containing compound is concentrated at a first interface between the uncured binder and the fibers and at a second interface between the uncured binder and the temperature control additive.
 20. A method of curing the binder of an uncured mineral fiber insulation product comprising a collection of fibers and a binder having a temperature control additive, comprising heating the uncured binder to a temperature within a predetermined temperature range, the temperature range being high enough to cure the binder but low enough so as to not burn the binder and maintaining the temperature within the predetermined temperature range for a time sufficient to substantially cure the binder, wherein maintaining the temperature includes the temperature control additive undergoing an endothermic process.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the predetermined temperature range is from about 100° C. to about 350° C.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the predetermined temperature range is from about 170° C. to about 300° C.
 23. The method of claim 20, wherein the predetermined temperature range has as its lower boundary a temperature sufficient to initiate a curing reaction.
 24. The method of claim 20, wherein the predetermined temperature range has as its upper boundary a temperature at which the binder ignites.
 25. The method of any one of claims 20-24, the temperature control additive undergoing an endothermic process comprising a decomposition, a phase transition, or a dehydration.
 26. The method of curing a binder of claim 25, wherein the temperature control additive undergoing an endothermic process consumes at least about 200 calories per gram of the particulate temperature control additive.
 27. A method of manufacturing an insulation product comprising contacting a collection of fibers with a binder to form an uncured insulation product, contacting the collection of fibers with a temperature control additive, shaping the uncured insulation product into a configuration adapted for an insulating purpose, applying an amount of energy to the uncured insulation product subsequent to contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive, the amount of energy sufficient to initiate an exothermic process curing of the binder from an uncured state to a cured state, and maintaining the temperature of the binder within a predetermined range.
 28. The method of manufacturing an insulation product of claim 27 further comprising forming a dispersion comprising the binder and the temperature control additive, wherein contacting the collection of fibers with the binder and contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive occur concurrently through contacting the collection of fibers with the dispersion including the binder and the temperature control additive.
 29. The method of manufacturing an insulation product of claim 28, wherein forming the dispersion includes adding a surfactant.
 30. The method of manufacturing an insulation product of any one of claims 27-29 further comprising forming an aqueous dispersion of the temperature control additive and a surfactant, wherein contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive occurs subsequently to contacting the collection of fibers with the binder.
 31. The method of manufacturing an insulation product of claim 27, wherein contacting the collection of fibers with the temperature control additive includes sprinkling the temperature control additive onto the uncured insulation product, the temperature control additive being in the form of a dry powder or concentrated slurry.
 32. The method of manufacturing an insulation product of claim 27, wherein shaping the uncured insulation product includes shaping the uncured insulation product into a configuration adapted for insulating walls.
 33. The method of manufacturing an insulation product of claim 27, wherein shaping the uncured insulation product includes shaping the uncured insulation product into a configuration adapted for insulating pipes.
 34. Use of a particulate selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium silicate hydrates, and calcium sulfate dihydrate as a temperature control additive in the manufacture of fibrous products, wherein the fibrous product is mineral wool insulation or fiberglass insulation. 